Rupert D’Cruz KC and Alexander Halban succeed in multi-million legal fee dispute arising from the collapse of the Saad Group

Judgment analysing solicitors’ fiduciary duties to clients in relation to fee agreements

Rupert D’Cruz KC and Alexander Halban of Littleton Chambers (instructed by Dentons UK & Middle East LLP) succeeded in a US$20 million Commercial Court claim for legal fees due to Saudi lawyers representing Maan Al-Sanea and his collapsed Saad Group.

The Claimants had acted for Mr Al-Sanea and the Saad Group for several years in relation to debt claims running in billions of dollars following the collapse of the Group in the aftermath of the global financial crisis.

Mr Al-Sanea’s son, Mishal, the Defendant, entered into an agreement to pay the bulk of the Claimants’ fees incurred in relation to that work (‘the Fee Agreement’). The Claimants claimed payment of the money due under the Fee Agreement.

The Defendant denied liability on the basis that the Fee Agreement was said to be void or unenforceable for duress, undue influence, breach of fiduciary duty and/or because it amounted to an unconscionable transaction. All these defences were (by consent) considered as if they were governed by English law.

In a judgment handed down on 29 September 2021, Sir Ross Cranston (‘the Judge’) gave judgment for the Claimants on all issues.

Of particular interest (given its ramifications for law firms and the dearth of case law on the point) is the Judge’s findings on a solicitor’s fiduciary duties in relation to fee agreements. In particular: (i) whether fiduciaries duties arise at all in relation to such agreements; (ii) if so, the circumstances in which they might arise and cease; and (iii) if such duties existed, their scope. The Judge addressed these issues in paras. 151-160 of his judgment. In summary he found as follows:

• Generally, solicitors do not owe fiduciary duties in relation to a fee agreement since it is clear that they are acting in their own interests, not the client’s: see Wollenberg v Casinos Austria International Holding GmbH [2011] EWHC 103 (Ch) at 208 per Lewison J.
• However, a solicitor may, in some circumstances, owe such duties, for instance where the fee agreement contains complex or unusual terms.
• Where it exists, that duty extends only to ensuring that the client fully understands its terms. It does not extend to explaining whether the agreement is a prudent one for the client to enter into.
• In general, the fiduciary relationship between solicitor and client (and, with that, the fiduciary duties owed to the client) ends when the retainer is terminated: Prince Jefri Bolkiah v KPMG [1999] 2 AC 222, 235.
• However, that relationship (and those duties) can continue after the end of the retainer if (on the facts) the confidence arising from the relationship continues: Demerara Bauxite Co Ltd v Hubbard [1923] AC 673, 675-6.

On the facts, the Judge found that the principle in Wollenberg (that solicitors do not owe fiduciary duties in relation to their own fees) did not apply here, because the Fee Agreement was not with the party who had incurred the original fees.

However, the Judge found that the Claimants did not owe fiduciary duties to the Defendant in this case because they ceased to act for the Al-Sanea family before the Fee Agreement was entered into.

Even if there had been a fiduciary duty, the Judge found that it would have been discharged because the Defendant understood the terms of the Fee Agreement. The Claimants were under no obligation to advise him on the commercial prudence of entering into it.

The judgment also contains one of the first discussions of lawful act duress since the Supreme Court recently narrowed its scope in its judgment (given in August) in Pakistan International Airline Corp v Times Travel (UK) Ltd [2021] UKSC 40: see the judgment at paras. 161-3, 185-9.

Rupert D’Cruz QC and Alexander Halban were instructed by Dentons UK & Middle East LLP, whose team was led by Adrian Giles and included Tara Boateng and Amy Carter.

Please click here to view the full judgment.